In spoken discourse the boundaries between words are very often not clear-cut. Words and sounds are lost and linked together in different ways to enable us to articulate with minimal movement.
This is one of the reasons learners find spoken discourse more difficult to understand than written discourse. At higher levels it is often not a lack of vocabulary which prevents understanding, but lack of ability to deal with these features of connected speech. Native speakers are more able to use top-down processing to decide whether what they have heard is red dye or red eye.
Here are some of the more common features of connected speech:
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Assimilation
Assimilation occurs when a phoneme (sound) in one word causes a change in a sound in a neighbouring word. For example, try saying the following pairs of words:
- in Bath
- last year
- Hyde Park
You’ll notice that the last sound of the first word changes in each case. The /n/ sound becomes /m/, /t/ becomes /tʃ/ and /d/ becomes /b/.
-
Elision
Elision is the loss of a phoneme, most commonly the last phoneme of a word, and most commonly the /t/ and /d/ sounds. Have a look at these examples:
- left back
- stand by
- looked back
- I must go
In each case the last phoneme of the first word is elided (lost). In the most simple terms, the reason is that the time and effort required to change the mouth position from the /t/ to the /b/ sound (as in the first example) or the /t/ to the /g/ sound (as in the last example) is too great!
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Delayed plosion
Our “red dye” and “red eye” is an example of this. To articulate “red dye”, we must take a very short pause before the /d/ sound. The /d/ is an example of a plosive, consonant sounds where the vocal tract stops all airflow. Other examples are /b/,/d/, /g/, /p/, /t/ and /k/. This pause before the plosive gives us the name of this feature, delayed plosion.
Another example: the right tie (delay) – the right eye (no delay)
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Catenation
In catenation the last consonant of the first word is joined to the vowel sound at the start of the second word. For example:
- pick it up – (learners will hear something like pi ki tup)
- what is it – (learners will hear something like wo ti zit)
-
Intrusion
Intrusion is what you might expect from the name – an extra sound “intrudes” into the spoken utternace. Try saying the following pairs of words:
- media event
- I always
- go away
Do you hear the /r/ sound intruding after “media”, the /j/ sound intruding after “I” and the /w/ sound intruding after “go”?
27 comments
chahrazed
Thanks a lot, easy and helpful!
sadia
thanks a lot for beautifully explaining the features of connected speech. it helps me a lot.
M.Umar khan
Very good material about connected speech,
Nguissia
Well , I just want to say that I really greatful learning connected speech from you ,thank you so much.
ZAKAYO MONG'ATEKO M
This work is really good! However, this kind of speech should be better specified if it is accepted in formal speech or it only relies on colloquial conversation.
Curt Ford
Hello Zakayo,
As a native speaker of North American English, I’d say that these are good examples of what you’ll hear in both colloquial and formal speech. Ignoring elision and assimilation, for example, could make someone’s pronunciation sound almost unnaturally precise.
Cedrik
Aren’t the delayed plosives far more likely to geminate in actual connected speech?
Only seem to have demonstrative value, no teaching value…
Keith Taylor
Yep, I would suggest that most of these features lend themselves better to receptive skills work, rather than actually “teaching” learners to produce them. It could lead, as Curt says in the previous comment, to unnatural or forced pronunciation.
Abba gustavo jigawa
This is incredibly helpful not only to learners but also teachers as well. Special thanks.
Shanmugasundaram V
Thanks very much.
But a doubt.
Where does the /r/ sound intrude after “media” as mentioned.
Could you help?
Keith Taylor
Hi
The /r/ sound intrudes between the two words “media” and “event”, so you hear something like this:
“media-r-event”
Hope that helps.
Imadeddin Shaheen
I do not hear it!
John
Are you a native English speaker?
AnnE
Do you have a suggested lesson plan for teaching this? I’m currently teaching listening skills and this is really helpful to raise the awareness in students. For intrusion, for example, I haven’t been able to find exactly the rules of when to use /r/, /w/, /j/. I have seen some examples, but it seems like there’s no rule around this? I’m sure I’m wrong. Can anybody help?
Gabriel Sowrian
Is it possible for you to talk with me? If it is, I can demonstrate to you how to to find out when to use the linking /w/, /j/, /r/ and intrusive /r/.
John
/j/ occurs when connecting /i/ to other vowels. That’s why we pronounce ‘the’ with /i/ when connecting to a vowel (e.g. ‘the air’). Note that several diphthongs end in /i/ and connect accordingly. /w/ occurs whenever we connect /u/ to a vowel, which is why we pronounce ‘to’ /tu/ before vowels (we generally use a schwa before consonants). Note that diphthongs /əʊ/ and /aʊ/ end in /u/ (more or less) and connect accordingly. All other vowel sounds connect with /r/.
Note that most words that end in a vowel sound (if we’re being non-rhotic) are *spelt* ending in the letter ‘r’ (e.g. ‘car’ /kɑː/), which is why students generally find this quite intuitive. Students get confused with words like ‘law’, which end in a vowel (not /i/ or /u/) but aren’t *spelt* ending in the letter ‘r’. The issue here is that students tend to be overly concerned with spelling, to the detriment of their pronunciation.
DA
Could you please tell me where to find tracks with examples of elision and assimilation
Keith Taylor
You could try searching on Youtube – there are quite a few videos about elision and assimilation which contain spoken examples.
lee
It’s so good, thank you.
Radwan Raid
Hello, can I have a source of the topic?
Keith Taylor
Hi Radwan, do you mean the author and publishing date?
diana
Who’s the author?
Keith Taylor
Hi, the author of this article is Keith Taylor
Adeyemi Oba Olaitan
Enlightening
Nanhee Byrnes PhD
Hi, the r-intrusion happens in British English. It is viewed substandard in general (standard) American English. In American English, /j/ intrusion happens between two high vowels, and /w/ intrusion happens between two low vowels. You might want to refer to my video for details: https://youtu.be/CSTVOlnixkI.
Idris Musari
This is helpful. I really appreciate this effort.
Thatiana Romano
Thank you very much!! this is very helpful!