Resource centre - Theory and issues - Language acquisition
Julio Foppoli argues that as teachers, it is our duty to make sure that our students "acquire" rather than "learn" the language.
According to linguists (i.e. scientists who engage in the scientific study of
human language) there is an important distinction between language acquisition
and language learning.
As you may well have noticed, children acquire their mother tongue through
interaction with their parents and the environment that surrounds them. Their
need to communicate paves the way for language acquisition to take place. As
experts suggest, there is an innate capacity in every human being to acquire
language.
By the time a child is five years old, s/he can express ideas clearly and almost
perfectly from the point of view of language and grammar. Although parents never
sit with children to explain to them the workings of the language, their
utterances show a superb command of intricate rules and patterns that would
drive an adult crazy if s/he tried to memorize them and use them accurately.
This suggests that it is through exposure to the language and meaningful
communication that a first language is acquired, without the need of systematic
studies of any kind. When it comes to second language learning in children, you
will notice that this happens almost identically to their first language
acquisition. And even teachers focus more on the communicative aspect of the
language rather than on just rules and patterns for the children to repeat and
memorize. In order to acquire language, the learner needs a source of natural
communication.
The emphasis is on the text of the communication and not on the form. Young
students who are in the process of acquiring a second language get plenty of "on
the job" practice. They readily acquire the language to communicate with
classmates.
In short, we see this tendency in which second language teachers are quite aware
of the importance of communication in young learners and their inability to
memorize rules consciously (although they will definitely acquire them through a
hands-on approach just as they did with their mother tongue).
Unfortunately, when it comes to adult students, a quick look at the current
methodologies and language courses available clearly shows that communication is
set aside, neglected or even disregarded. In almost all cases, courses revolve
around grammar, patterns, repetitions, drillings and rote memorization without
even a human interlocutor to interact with.
The very same courses that promise you language independence and the ability to
communicate upon completion of the courses do NOT offer you a single chance to
engage in meaningful conversations. How many times have you bought or read about
"the ultimate language course on CD" in which the learner simply has to sit in
front of a computer to listen to and repeat words and phrases time and again.
That is not communication. That is the way you train a parrot! The animal will
definitely learn and repeat a few phrases and amuse you and your friends, but it
will never ever be able to communicate effectively.
How could you be expected to communicate if you are never given the chance to
speak with a real person? Language without real communication is as useless as
Saint Valentine's day without lovers or Children's day without kids.
In some other scenarios, in which there is a teacher, the work done in class is
mostly grammatically oriented: tenses, rules, multiple choice exercises and so
on and so forth. Is this similar to the way in which a child "acquires a
language?" Definitely not. No wonder why so many people fail in acquiring a
second language naturally. Simply because whatever they are doing is highly
unnatural and devoid of meaning to them. This is the field of language learning.
Language learning as seen today is not communicative. It is the result of direct
instruction in the rules of language. And it certainly is not an age-appropriate
activity for your young learners - as it is not for adults either. In language
learning, students have conscious knowledge of the new language and can talk
about that knowledge.
They can fill in the blanks on a grammar page. Research has shown, however, that
knowing grammar rules does not necessarily result in good speaking or writing. A
student who has memorized the rules of the language may be able to succeed on a
standardized test of English language but may not be able to speak or write
correctly.
As teachers, it is our duty to make sure that our students "acquire" rather than
"learn" the language.
Language acquisition in
adult learners
The Silent Period of Second Language
Acquisition
Downloadable activities
What do you think of this article? Add a comment »
The old dichotomy of
acquisition vs learning needs to be scientifically proved as nobody knows where
the bounds between acquisition and learning are. Assuming acquisition is the
right model to follow in FL teaching would create an immense void in language
accuracy and vice versa in regard to Learning which would create specialists in
language rules with no communicative competence.
As experience has shown me the two should go hand in hand with a slight emphasis
on acquisition. Nevertheless, the teacher should be left to decide to take the
right decision as to what best suits his/her students.
I agree wholeheartedly with
this article. I have taught English to German adults for many years and their
problem is that they think they should be learning the way rightly described
here as ineffective - and they protest if a different tack is taken, because
they think there's only one way to learn and that is devoid of any imagination
or contribution by them. They think they can learn rules and apply them to make
comprehensible language, but when asked what they would like to say they are
unable to think of anything outside the box. When I ask them to say something in
German first, they often can't do that either. The problem is that they think
learning a foreign language will automatically increase their speech powers!
"Let's have a conversation", they might suggest if I haven't done so (because I
know it's futile). I then usually say "Good. What shall we talk about?" Ah well,
maybe not today.... I've tried so many tactics. One of my favourites is talking
for one minute on a favourite book, film, animal, food, place, whatever - chosen
by them, of course. It's always so difficult to get any real communication
going. These same people have often learnt English in various adult courses for
years and years. They come along with a word scribbled down somewhere and say
they don't understand it. Can I tell them what it means? What is the context?
Oh, I just wanted the word. I try to explain that a dictionary can translate
words, but meanings are interwoven with context.
But I should mention that school education - at least in Germany - is done on
the "take it through" principle. Directly translated from "durchnehmen", in
language that means doing some point of grammar or syntax, doing a test on it,
then moving on and probably forgetting it. The teaching is not joined-up.
Neither are the learners taught to join things up themselves. The result is that
most of the school material is forgotten. So they want to learn it again as they
did at school. Only they didn't learn it. And adult education books are for the
most part on the same system. Very few beginners' books have any kind of
joined-up text. Just sentences using whatever grammar is available. Just like
the CDs. I could go on...
I think language should be
learned through the most natural method we have -through communication. After
all isn't that why we learn a language in the first place. The problem in our
day and age is that there are so many exams that test grammar proficiency
instead of the ability to communicate that teaching tends to veer in that
direction.
I agree with this article.
Although learning of the basic structure of a language is important, learning
grammar by rote accomplishes little. Children learn to speak purely through
natural communication. Once they have acquired general fluency in their own
language, their mastery of it is fine-tuned when they attend school and learn
the rules. Often adults want to learn grammar and this helps them to write
properly. However, even though these same people can write with a certain amount
of competency and even cite grammar rules accurately, they often have very big
problems applying this knowledge in conversation. We should not minimize the
importance of acquisition vs learning. They are both necessary, but acquisition
should be the larger part of the mix. It works!
An excellent article! Yes,
acquisition is the way and to acquire language the learning process needs to be
broadened - not by rote! Cultural and related dimensions plus practical
application are relevant to the process.
Try the QUESTIA on-line
library where targeted reading will give support to the acquisition emphasis.
It is true that instruction
alone is rarely, if ever, enough to allow adults to use a language for
communication. But - let's not throw out the baby with the bathwater. I have
known adults who have failed to either acquire or learn the language of the
country they have lived in for ten or more years through exposure alone. They
need instruction as well. As a language teacher I see my job as providing
whatever it needs to help my students acquire/learn the language for their
purposes - be they communicative, academic, or whatever else. My teaching
repertoire has to include sufficient variety and flexibility to do that.
This is an interesting
debate, but I do feel that what hasn't been mentioned is the fact that young
children's brains appear to learn differently and be more flexible than an
adult's brain... and I think that this means that an entirely communicative
approach may not be completely successful in teaching adults. My husband, for
example, learned German in this way, but when it comes to reading or writing it,
or even translating words or phrases (in context) he has difficulty. It's fine
if it's just for speaking purposes, but even native speakers of English need to
learn some formal language structures later after they have learned to speak
fluently, e.g. for university studies, etc.
A combination does seem ideal, with an emphasis on the communicative side. By
the way, my experience teaching German business people English was entirely
different... I had some amazingly good conversations with them, often focusing
on current affairs and some fairly deep philosophical discussions... perhaps I
was just fortunate with my students.
My favourite way to learn a
language is to listen. Particularly I treasure moments sat in bars and cafes
LISTENING to people talk, getting comfortable with the rhythms and picking out
the odd words and phrases that I *do* know until I can make general sense of
what is being said.
For me grammar comes later...
From personal experience I
know that the way to learn a language is to live the language. I studied Spanish
throughout high school and into college but it was not until I had lived in
Mexico that I was able to actually speak the language. I do believe that
learning the grammar and vocabulary is necessary as these tools give you the
background to understand what you hear in communication. I am sure the education
I had in school accelerated my ability to communicate in Spanish. So I guess I
have to say both language learning and language acquisition are necessary to
communicate but I do believe the acquisition is more important. A person can
learn to speak without the grammar but one who has studied the grammar does not
necessarily speak.
I have to say I don't
altogether agree with this article. Of course language learning has to be
communicative and interactive, but to believe adults can learn language in just
the same way very young children (pre-school age) acquire their first language,
I believe is wrong. Small children are in a language learning window that begins
to close (some say) as early as six. Around this time children begin to lose
their ability to reproduce sounds exactly as they hear them. By adolescence it
may have gone altogether. I know there are many words of foreign languages that
I will never pronounce correctly. It isn't only pronunciation that begins to
diminish in childhood. I once knew a child of 21 months who was fluent in two
very different languages (English and Cantonese). Presumably she knew little or
no language at one year, so to acquire two languages so quickly and without
effort, beggars belief. Obviously she was an exception, but could any adult do
it? Even an average three to four year old can be fluent in three languages,
given the appropriate exposure, e.g. from mother/father/ environment. I don't
believe even a gifted adult could manage that in such a short time and certainly
not without enormous effort. When you consider what a child knows about language
at three or four years, it doesn't fit with their coginitive ability at that
age. Generally they know the rules for plurals, past tense, subject/object, word
order, verbal agreement and have an enormous vocabulary. Certainly they make
mistakes but those mistake drop out quite quickly given exposure to the correct
way. It is interesting to compare the immersion program in Canada, where I
understand children learn all their lessons in French from age five or six. They
become fluent in French but the grammatical mistakes do not drop out the way
they do with younger children acquiring their first language before age five.
Language acquisition (in early childhood) does not seem to depend on what other
learning depends on, e.g. aptitude, motivation and the teacher. Language
learning (in late childhood and adulthood) does depend on those issues. There
are many failures.
Another difference between language acquisition and learning is the order in
which the skills are mastered. Children learn listening first. Even before they
can speak, they can understand more. Reading obviously comes last. For adults
the opposite is true. Reading is usually the first and easiest skill to acquire,
while listening is the hardest and last. Even students who know most of the
words of a conversation (when they see them written) still can't pick up any in
conversation in full flow.
Most experts agree people don't have instinctive behaviour, save simple
reflexes. Animals have instincts, people have language. If language is not an
instinct, then it is very close to it. We can say that an instinct is essential
for survival, universal to a species, there are no failures and it happens
naturally without effort or even encouragement. Of course I mean spoken
language. Not every human society has developed written language and there are
many failures in the ones that have. There are no failures to become fluent in
our first language unless there is serious brain damage or profound deafness.
Supporters of universal grammar believe we all inherit a pre-wired language onto
which we only need to place our own vocabulary and rules during that critical
early childhood period. Historically it has been essential for our survival and
as easy and natural as a bird learning to fly. It needs only practice.
Certainly, as I said before, language learning needs to be communicative and
interactive, in an environment where students feel free to experiment and take
risks, but many students like to learn grammar as well. Given the choice they
will ask for it and learn better that way. I think it's necessary to be aware of
the differences between the way adults and small children learn.
This is the stupidest
article I have read! Acquisition takes place up until a certain age (Chomsky,
the person who first presented the theory that people have the innate capacity
for language learning). There are several examples of children, who through
absent or abusive parents, have been brought up in isolation. If Foppoli's
argument holds true, then these children should have been able to acquire their
mother languages when placed in proper care. However, this has not been the case
at all. They have experienced huge difficulties in grasping the languages,
despite being immersed in them. Many linguists set the age by which one can
naturally acquire a language at 13.
I am an ESOL lecturer and have learned 6 other languages besides English. When
living overseas in Japan, my speed-learning did definitely not come through
acquisition, but through formal learning. From the grammar that I had instilled
in me, I was able to communicate out of that. I have seen teachers try the
'acquisition' method and students have always come away frustrated and confused,
because as adults we do not learn language like children do, we are able to
reason and learn patterns, which in turn generate new sentences with meaning;
A good lesson is based on presentation (language rules to be learned), practice
(trying out the new language learned, error and correction stage), and
production (fluency practice where students focus on communication). In the
production stage, students have the opportunity to use the language in as
natural a context as possible, for example suggestion language with Aunt Agatha
columns, problem solving and the like.
I'm sure that if any of you were to learn a language and have it all thrown at
you without any explanation of structure, you would be completely confused, and
turn to a language book for help to understand the structure.
As for Faith's entry, 'let's have a conversation' may not be exactly an
appetising approach to generating student interest in the task. Having a topic
that they are interested in and a goal for students to work towards is more
motivating, e.g. for opinion language, agreeing and disagreeing - as a class or
in small groups students need to debate topics such as 'men and women can never
really be equal', 'there needs to be more censorship in music videos on TV', or
whatever students are interested in.
I agree with the arguments
here. I particularly want to comment on what Trudy wrote. Of course, there are
exceptions. I've had many a good conversation with German students, but they
remain the exception to the rule. Business students are more likely to cope if
they've had experience with clients etc and get around a lot - and because they
are desperate to be good at English. If they are not, it often puts their jobs
at risk. Wherever possible I use no German at all (unless it's a horrendous
grammar problem) during lessons with people who understand enough to get
started, even if their English is not yet really fluent. We cope with grammar as
it crops up and try to personalize what they are saying through a form of
repetition of the things they want to say. That also improves pronunciation and
is good fun if done in a humorous way. But there are other elements in language
learning/acquisition which should not be underestimated. For instance, someone
with a "musical ear" can pick up - and imitate - language much faster than other
people. Small children learn by imitation, which is why they sometimes say the
right things in the wrong places and vice versa! Their timing is unbeatable. The
brain has completed its main development by the time a child is 3 and so has the
assimilation of grammar and structures in its own native language(s). The Helen
Doron method of starting virtually at birth is on the right track there. When
adults are prepared to dive in at the deep end, they learn better and faster.
Finally, I rather think that in the end the two terms used are in themselves
problematical. Could one not replace them with active vs passive?
This is the ever present
debate, isn't it. I think the original article started off interestingly
enough and then turned into a diatribe about the communicative method. This to
be followed by a diatribe on the PPP method.
I went from speaking 0 Japanese to getting by in one year when I was 25. Now I
am completely fluent in written and spoken Japanese. It was part immersion, part
grammar and completely getting whatever I could get. I had a grammar tape that I
listened to constantly until it exploded on me, I worked through the
accompanying tapescript regularly; translating words and checking theories that
I had created on words meanings through my listening. Communicative lessons were
good fun and removed a lot of the stress of real life situations, but having a
grammatical explanation was really helpful. After all grammar is just a
description of the way in which a language operates, so it just offers a short
cut to nutting it all out for ourselves. I see my 5 year old son trying to nut
the right rules out, and the cute mistakes he makes in expressing what he wants
to say.
I think the particular presentation style is less important than just the
volume. I know that while I was listening to the tapes, I was getting as much
exposure to the language; written, spoken, whatever and trying to assimilate
whatever I could. It was just fun. I know that the PPP style often has the
outcome that students are "protected" from being exposed to grammar they haven't
done in previous classes with the end result that the teachers talk in a strange
pigeon English using only simple present, simple past and future with going to
and even the teachers sound like they are a few buns short of a dozen.
Just to end my own diatribe, I found that having a sympathetic teacher or
conversation partner who was happy and interesting and willing to forgive me my
poor language and correct me was much more important than the actual material
they were teaching me. I bore the responsibility of writing down new words and
patterns and am now a fluent speaker. Now I just have to find an employer who
gives a damn that I have advanced Japanese.
Dear me... we are acquiring
a barrage of verbiosity! Pick up, learn and acquire a language. Avanti! Viva la
difference!
I fully agree with what you
say about acquisition versus learning. I teach English to adults in Switzerland,
and I try to engage them in natural conversation as much as possible - even at
lower levels. I discourage them also from translating into their mother tongue,
preferring to give a simple explanation of the word or concept in English.
I find that once students accept this reasoning or method, they are happy and
willing to go along, despite initial difficulties and tendencies to translate.
The ones who insist on translation or speaking to me in their mother tongue are
the slowest to learn...
I recently wrote an article in a teaching journal in which I more or less
"killed" language course books, for the very reasons you stated in your article.
Using language course books is somewhat like reading a manual about cars: it may
teach you the names and functions of all parts of the car, but it certainly
won't teach you to drive!
I keep telling my students (in English) "if you want to speak English - the only
way is to speak! If you want to improve your listening skills, the only way is
to listen!" Many students at beginning levels have the odd idea that if they
read a translation of a listening (at the same time), they will improve their
listening. I then ask them: do you want to improve your Italian reading skills
or your English listening skills? Teachers are often forced (by the schools) to
use language books in their classes, but there is a way around this - adapt the
exercises to make them more 'communicative'. It takes more preparation and
effort on the part of the teacher but it's worth in the end (happy, successful
students - what more could a teacher want??).
Dear Julio,
I have just come back from Britain where my son is living. He learnt the English
he knows now with me as a teacher. I completely agree with you. It is essential
that the students are able to communicate orally in the language they are
learning. What I have just read encourages me to use different approaches
according to the different teaching situations. I have noticed that many people
in London, even those living there, find it difficult to communicate properly.
I agree. If you, as a
teacher, try to integrate the grammar with the main topic of the lesson, the
better it is for your students because they learn grammar in context.
I agree that Language
without real communication is as useless as Saint Valentine's day without lovers
or Children's day without kids. So we must try our best - as teachers - to make
the situation as real as possible. We must take time and do a lot of homework
and think about how we are going to make the children feel that they are not
'learning' but 'doing something real'.
Wow, terrific. What an
article! This article is kind of a way out to me. I do agree that today's
language learning is not effective anymore. Children are to sit in the class and
listen to the teacher who is speaking in front of them, of course s/he only
focuses on the grammatical rule of the language being spoken. Since languages
are spoken, the most effective way in learning or acquiring them is to speak and
talk. A real situation will lead into a good achievement of one's language
learning.
I suggest an activity-based learning to overcome the problem. Show your kids the
real situation, ask them to dive under the reality to enhance their language
acquisition. Thanks
This is an interesting
article 'Learning vs Acquisition' and it has demonstrated to me the reality of
teaching a second language. As a Master student in Learning a Second Language
the theory I read at times is tedious and overwhelming. These articles give
insight as to what actually goes on in a classroom and more importantly what
works best in teaching a second language. I will refer to this site frequently
and use it as a reality check. Thank you.
As for acquisition of a new
language at adult age just think of those adults who live in a country and
acquire its language without a teacher. Those I know, mostly learn this language
very incorrectly. What is your experience and opinion? Is it possible for adults
to learn a language well without a teacher?
I do agree with the article
being presented by Julio Foppoli that the capacity of human beings in acquiring
language is an innate gift. The language that we know in our childhood is what
we're building up, it is our first tongue and this we acquire from imitation,
association, and reinforcement. But as we grow up and study language, we focus
on the things which will help us use the language effectively and effeciently
for better communication.
Adults need linguistic
competence to get to be communicative. Yes, language learning is conscious
learning, but we as adult learners need to know about language form: grammar,
pronunciation and vocabulary to later develop high level activities; such as
listening, speaking, reading and writing. Automatization.
Learning vs acquisition is
the wellknown theory of Stephen Krashen and already it has been questioned and
therefore no longer used by most writers, because of the problems inherent in
demostrating the difference independently of the underlying definitions.
However, I personally agree with his ideas to a point. Adults, in their second
language learning process could acquire the language they are expose to without
any awareness of the grammar rules, the nature of the language, and learn them
subconsiously just like a child gains its first language. Discovery of the
nature of the language could be done by the student himself. This is what
natural learning is. However, somewhere in this learning process I think that
this student may need grammatical help to make his discoveries concreate. Both
approaches could be introduced to these learners with an appropriate teaching
method.
One can learn language
without a teacher or being taught by somebody he/she acquires through
adaptation. But as adult learners we need to know about language form which is
grammar, pronunciation and vocabulary to develop skills such as listening,
speaking, reading and writing.
Like my grandfather, an
accomplished amateur linguist who spoke nine languages, I learn best by the
grammar-translation method. I become very frustrated by teaching materials that
give me plenty of vocabulary and examples of conversations, but no explanation
of how the language is constructed. I always turn to the back of the book hoping
for a reference grammar section. Just as it is useless to be an expert in the
grammar of a language without acquiring good pronunciation, so it is useless to
acquire a battery of model sentences (which is how schoolchildren are taught by
the 'communicative method'), while having no idea how to frame original
sentences because you don't know the grammar.
Every normal human being is
endowed with certain innate abilities. Once a child is exposed to his society,
his/her input data is activated and triggered. Then he/she can generate a set of
sentences that have not been heard before. A child acquires L1 unconsciously;
without being aware of the process of acquiring. Unlike acquisition, learning is
a conscious process. A child, for example, learns language in a formal setting;
like a class room.
Contact | Advertise | Terms of use | Disclaimer | Privacy | Site map | Testimonials | TEFL blog | ESL exams
Copyright © 2012 Eslbase. All rights reserved.
