English Grammar - Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

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comparatives & superlatives

form

* One syllable adjectives: cheap
Comparative: add er (cheaper)
Superlative: add est (the cheapest)

* One syllable adjectives ending in e: nice
Comparative: add r (nicer)
Superlative: add st (the nicest)

* One syllable adjectives ending in consonant - vowel - consonant: hot
Comparative: add consonant + er (hotter)
Superlative: add consonant + est (the hottest)

* Two syllable adjectives ending in y: happy
Comparative: replace y with ier (happier)
Superlative: replace y with iest (the happiest)

* Two or more syllable adjectives: beautiful
Comparative: add more / less (more / less beautiful)
Superlative: add the most / the least (the most / least beautiful)

* Irregular adjectives
good - better - the best
bad - worse - the worst
far - further - the furthest

functions & examples

We use comparatives to compare two things.
John is thinner than Bob.
It's more expensive to travel by train than by bus.
My house is smaller than my friend's house.

We use superlatives to compare one thing with the rest of the group it belongs to.
John is the tallest in the class.
He's the best football player in the team.
This is the most expensive hotel I've ever stayed in.

important points

* We do not use the with the superlative if there is a possessive.
His strongest point is his ambition.

* We use as + adjective + as to say that two things are equal in some way.
He's as tall as me.
Jim's car is as fast as mine.

* We use not as to say that two things are not equal in some way.
He's not as tall as me.
Jim's car is not as fast as mine.

* We can modify comparatives with much, a lot, far, a little, a bit, slightly.
Bob is much richer than I am.
My mother's hair is slightly longer than mine.

* We can modify superlative with by far, easily and nearly.
Mario's is by far the best restaurant in town.
I'm nearly the oldest in the class.

* If the second part of a comparative or superlative sentence is clear from what comes before or from the context, we can omit it.
Going by bus is very fast, but the train is more comfortable.

* We can repeat comparatives to say that something is changing.
These exams are getting worse and worse every year.
She gets more and more beautiful every time I see her.

teaching comparatives & superlatives

"If your class is looking a bit sleepy, try this for a quick pick-me-up.

In this activity, the class will compete in two large groups to say 'Student 1 is taller than student 2 - student 2 is taller than student 3' and so on. The first group to finish is the winner.

Divide the class into two groups. Ask them to line up from tallest to smallest. You can do this easily through gestures. Students quickly get the idea that there's some kind of comparison going on.

Write on the board, 'Student 1 is taller than Student 2' (where student 1 and 2 are real names.) Demonstrate the target sentence and idea a few times. Tell the groups that there is a race to see which group finishes first. Teach, 'ready-set-go' (if they don't already know it).

Vary the activity by going the other way round, 'Student 1 is smaller than student 2'. Rearrange each group by age - 'S1 is older/ younger than S2'. Use your imagination to find ways to rearrange groups. These activities are done while standing up which is an excellent way to vary the pace of the class."
Jim

"Bring in some flyers/magazines and have students race to see who can find and display the most items to compare of one kind. (using both comparative and superlative form)."
Anonymous

"If you want to get your students interested in your class, don't use the board or simple things to explain, use real things, like cell phones, pencils, books, chairs, mainly things that students can touch to make comparisons."
Leandro

"I think that comparatives and superlatives shouldn't be used in the context of physical or mental features. Students usually have misconceptions. For example: Peter is thinner than Mark. Using this statement as an example creates the feeling of hatred and disappointment on the part of students. Thanks for the great job you are doing for us as teachers."
Hicham

"When trying to teach young kids whether to use the comparative (-er) or superlative (-est) form, tell them to use the comparative form to compare two items because -er has two letters... and to use the superlative form to compare three or more items because -est has three letters!"
Jen

"Great idea to teach comparatives and superlatives to children!!! It really worked =D now they won't forget it! Thanks."
Sam

"Ask your students to write a description of their classmates on a piece of paper using comparative and superlative forms. Then, read the descriptions to the whole group. They will be interested in what their classmates think of them. You can also ask them to bring pics of their favorite artist and tell them to bring color sheets. In class, they paste 2 pics on the sheets and write one comparative and one superlative sentence."
Daniela

"For supurlatives I have my students write 10 questions such as: Who is the most important person in your life? What is the most expensive thing you have ever bought? What is the funniest TV show?...

Then they stand up and circulate around the room asking their classmates the questions. Students answer using complete sentences such as: "My laptop computer is the most important thing I have ever bought". The person asking the question then notes the answer using only the person's name and the keyword in the answer such as: Hector/Laptop.

Then for HW they write the answers using complete sentences: The most expensive thing Hector has ever bought is his laptop computer. For additional HW I have them write a paragraph related to one of their own questions. They talk about their paragraph as a warm up activity the following day. This gives them reading, writing, listening and speaking practice."
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